/* __ *\ ** ________ ___ / / ___ Scala API ** ** / __/ __// _ | / / / _ | (c) 2003-2011, LAMP/EPFL ** ** __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ | http://scala-lang.org/ ** ** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | | ** ** |/ ** \* */ package scala.collection import generic._ import mutable.{ Builder, ListBuffer } import annotation.{tailrec, migration, bridge} import annotation.unchecked.{ uncheckedVariance => uV } import parallel.ParIterable /** A template trait for traversable collections of type `Traversable[A]`. * * $traversableInfo * @define mutability * @define traversableInfo * This is a base trait of all kinds of $mutability Scala collections. It * implements the behavior common to all collections, in terms of a method * `foreach` with signature: * {{{ * def foreach[U](f: Elem => U): Unit * }}} * Collection classes mixing in this trait provide a concrete * `foreach` method which traverses all the * elements contained in the collection, applying a given function to each. * They also need to provide a method `newBuilder` * which creates a builder for collections of the same kind. * * A traversable class might or might not have two properties: strictness * and orderedness. Neither is represented as a type. * * The instances of a strict collection class have all their elements * computed before they can be used as values. By contrast, instances of * a non-strict collection class may defer computation of some of their * elements until after the instance is available as a value. * A typical example of a non-strict collection class is a * <a href="../immutable/Stream.html" target="ContentFrame"> * `scala.collection.immutable.Stream`</a>. * A more general class of examples are `TraversableViews`. * * If a collection is an instance of an ordered collection class, traversing * its elements with `foreach` will always visit elements in the * same order, even for different runs of the program. If the class is not * ordered, `foreach` can visit elements in different orders for * different runs (but it will keep the same order in the same run).' * * A typical example of a collection class which is not ordered is a * `HashMap` of objects. The traversal order for hash maps will * depend on the hash codes of its elements, and these hash codes might * differ from one run to the next. By contrast, a `LinkedHashMap` * is ordered because it's `foreach` method visits elements in the * order they were inserted into the `HashMap`. * * @author Martin Odersky * @version 2.8 * @since 2.8 * @tparam A the element type of the collection * @tparam Repr the type of the actual collection containing the elements. * * @define Coll Traversable * @define coll traversable collection */ trait TraversableLike[+A, +Repr] extends HasNewBuilder[A, Repr] with FilterMonadic[A, Repr] with TraversableOnce[A] with GenTraversableLike[A, Repr] with Parallelizable[A, ParIterable[A]] { self => import Traversable.breaks._ /** The type implementing this traversable */ protected type Self = Repr /** The collection of type $coll underlying this `TraversableLike` object. * By default this is implemented as the `TraversableLike` object itself, * but this can be overridden. */ def repr: Repr = this.asInstanceOf[Repr] /** The underlying collection seen as an instance of `$Coll`. * By default this is implemented as the current collection object itself, * but this can be overridden. */ protected[this] def thisCollection: Traversable[A] = this.asInstanceOf[Traversable[A]] /** A conversion from collections of type `Repr` to `$Coll` objects. * By default this is implemented as just a cast, but this can be overridden. */ protected[this] def toCollection(repr: Repr): Traversable[A] = repr.asInstanceOf[Traversable[A]] /** Creates a new builder for this collection type. */ protected[this] def newBuilder: Builder[A, Repr] protected[this] def parCombiner = ParIterable.newCombiner[A] /** Applies a function `f` to all elements of this $coll. * * Note: this method underlies the implementation of most other bulk operations. * It's important to implement this method in an efficient way. * * * @param f the function that is applied for its side-effect to every element. * The result of function `f` is discarded. * * @tparam U the type parameter describing the result of function `f`. * This result will always be ignored. Typically `U` is `Unit`, * but this is not necessary. * * @usecase def foreach(f: A => Unit): Unit */ def foreach[U](f: A => U): Unit /** Tests whether this $coll is empty. * * @return `true` if the $coll contain no elements, `false` otherwise. */ def isEmpty: Boolean = { var result = true breakable { for (x <- this) { result = false break } } result } /** Tests whether this $coll is known to have a finite size. * All strict collections are known to have finite size. For a non-strict collection * such as `Stream`, the predicate returns `true` if all elements have been computed. * It returns `false` if the stream is not yet evaluated to the end. * * Note: many collection methods will not work on collections of infinite sizes. * * @return `true` if this collection is known to have finite size, `false` otherwise. */ def hasDefiniteSize = true def ++[B >: A, That](that: GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) if (that.isInstanceOf[IndexedSeqLike[_, _]]) b.sizeHint(this, that.seq.size) b ++= thisCollection b ++= that.seq b.result } @bridge def ++[B >: A, That](that: TraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = ++(that: GenTraversableOnce[B])(bf) /** Concatenates this $coll with the elements of a traversable collection. * It differs from ++ in that the right operand determines the type of the * resulting collection rather than the left one. * * @param that the traversable to append. * @tparam B the element type of the returned collection. * @tparam That $thatinfo * @param bf $bfinfo * @return a new collection of type `That` which contains all elements * of this $coll followed by all elements of `that`. * * @usecase def ++:[B](that: TraversableOnce[B]): $Coll[B] * * @return a new $coll which contains all elements of this $coll * followed by all elements of `that`. */ def ++:[B >: A, That](that: TraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) if (that.isInstanceOf[IndexedSeqLike[_, _]]) b.sizeHint(this, that.size) b ++= that b ++= thisCollection b.result } /** This overload exists because: for the implementation of ++: we should reuse * that of ++ because many collections override it with more efficient versions. * Since TraversableOnce has no '++' method, we have to implement that directly, * but Traversable and down can use the overload. */ def ++:[B >: A, That](that: Traversable[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = (that ++ seq)(breakOut) def map[B, That](f: A => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) b.sizeHint(this) for (x <- this) b += f(x) b.result } def flatMap[B, That](f: A => GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) for (x <- this) b ++= f(x).seq b.result } /** Selects all elements of this $coll which satisfy a predicate. * * @param p the predicate used to test elements. * @return a new $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll that satisfy the given * predicate `p`. The order of the elements is preserved. */ def filter(p: A => Boolean): Repr = { val b = newBuilder for (x <- this) if (p(x)) b += x b.result } /** Selects all elements of this $coll which do not satisfy a predicate. * * @param p the predicate used to test elements. * @return a new $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll that do not satisfy the given * predicate `p`. The order of the elements is preserved. */ def filterNot(p: A => Boolean): Repr = filter(!p(_)) def collect[B, That](pf: PartialFunction[A, B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) for (x <- this) if (pf.isDefinedAt(x)) b += pf(x) b.result } /** Builds a new collection by applying an option-valued function to all * elements of this $coll on which the function is defined. * * @param f the option-valued function which filters and maps the $coll. * @tparam B the element type of the returned collection. * @tparam That $thatinfo * @param bf $bfinfo * @return a new collection of type `That` resulting from applying the option-valued function * `f` to each element and collecting all defined results. * The order of the elements is preserved. * * @usecase def filterMap[B](f: A => Option[B]): $Coll[B] * * @param pf the partial function which filters and maps the $coll. * @return a new $coll resulting from applying the given option-valued function * `f` to each element and collecting all defined results. * The order of the elements is preserved. def filterMap[B, That](f: A => Option[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) for (x <- this) f(x) match { case Some(y) => b += y case _ => } b.result } */ /** Partitions this $coll in two ${coll}s according to a predicate. * * @param p the predicate on which to partition. * @return a pair of ${coll}s: the first $coll consists of all elements that * satisfy the predicate `p` and the second $coll consists of all elements * that don't. The relative order of the elements in the resulting ${coll}s * is the same as in the original $coll. */ def partition(p: A => Boolean): (Repr, Repr) = { val l, r = newBuilder for (x <- this) (if (p(x)) l else r) += x (l.result, r.result) } def groupBy[K](f: A => K): immutable.Map[K, Repr] = { val m = mutable.Map.empty[K, Builder[A, Repr]] for (elem <- this) { val key = f(elem) val bldr = m.getOrElseUpdate(key, newBuilder) bldr += elem } val b = immutable.Map.newBuilder[K, Repr] for ((k, v) <- m) b += ((k, v.result)) b.result } /** Tests whether a predicate holds for all elements of this $coll. * * $mayNotTerminateInf * * @param p the predicate used to test elements. * @return `true` if the given predicate `p` holds for all elements * of this $coll, otherwise `false`. */ def forall(p: A => Boolean): Boolean = { var result = true breakable { for (x <- this) if (!p(x)) { result = false; break } } result } /** Tests whether a predicate holds for some of the elements of this $coll. * * $mayNotTerminateInf * * @param p the predicate used to test elements. * @return `true` if the given predicate `p` holds for some of the * elements of this $coll, otherwise `false`. */ def exists(p: A => Boolean): Boolean = { var result = false breakable { for (x <- this) if (p(x)) { result = true; break } } result } /** Finds the first element of the $coll satisfying a predicate, if any. * * $mayNotTerminateInf * $orderDependent * * @param p the predicate used to test elements. * @return an option value containing the first element in the $coll * that satisfies `p`, or `None` if none exists. */ def find(p: A => Boolean): Option[A] = { var result: Option[A] = None breakable { for (x <- this) if (p(x)) { result = Some(x); break } } result } def scan[B >: A, That](z: B)(op: (B, B) => B)(implicit cbf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = scanLeft(z)(op) def scanLeft[B, That](z: B)(op: (B, A) => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) b.sizeHint(this, 1) var acc = z b += acc for (x <- this) { acc = op(acc, x); b += acc } b.result } @migration(2, 9, "This scanRight definition has changed in 2.9.\n" + "The previous behavior can be reproduced with scanRight.reverse." ) def scanRight[B, That](z: B)(op: (A, B) => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { var scanned = List(z) var acc = z for (x <- reversed) { acc = op(x, acc) scanned ::= acc } val b = bf(repr) for (elem <- scanned) b += elem b.result } /** Selects the first element of this $coll. * $orderDependent * @return the first element of this $coll. * @throws `NoSuchElementException` if the $coll is empty. */ def head: A = { var result: () => A = () => throw new NoSuchElementException breakable { for (x <- this) { result = () => x break } } result() } /** Optionally selects the first element. * $orderDependent * @return the first element of this $coll if it is nonempty, `None` if it is empty. */ def headOption: Option[A] = if (isEmpty) None else Some(head) /** Selects all elements except the first. * $orderDependent * @return a $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll * except the first one. * @throws `UnsupportedOperationException` if the $coll is empty. */ override def tail: Repr = { if (isEmpty) throw new UnsupportedOperationException("empty.tail") drop(1) } /** Selects the last element. * $orderDependent * @return The last element of this $coll. * @throws NoSuchElementException If the $coll is empty. */ def last: A = { var lst = head for (x <- this) lst = x lst } /** Optionally selects the last element. * $orderDependent * @return the last element of this $coll$ if it is nonempty, `None` if it is empty. */ def lastOption: Option[A] = if (isEmpty) None else Some(last) /** Selects all elements except the last. * $orderDependent * @return a $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll * except the last one. * @throws `UnsupportedOperationException` if the $coll is empty. */ def init: Repr = { if (isEmpty) throw new UnsupportedOperationException("empty.init") var lst = head var follow = false val b = newBuilder b.sizeHint(this, -1) for (x <- this.seq) { if (follow) b += lst else follow = true lst = x } b.result } def take(n: Int): Repr = slice(0, n) def drop(n: Int): Repr = if (n <= 0) { val b = newBuilder b.sizeHint(this) b ++= thisCollection result } else sliceWithKnownDelta(n, Int.MaxValue, -n) def slice(from: Int, until: Int): Repr = sliceWithKnownBound(math.max(from, 0), until) // Precondition: from >= 0, until > 0, builder already configured for building. private[this] def sliceInternal(from: Int, until: Int, b: Builder[A, Repr]): Repr = { var i = 0 breakable { for (x <- this.seq) { if (i >= from) b += x i += 1 if (i >= until) break } } b.result } // Precondition: from >= 0 private[scala] def sliceWithKnownDelta(from: Int, until: Int, delta: Int): Repr = { val b = newBuilder if (until <= from) b.result else { b.sizeHint(this, delta) sliceInternal(from, until, b) } } // Precondition: from >= 0 private[scala] def sliceWithKnownBound(from: Int, until: Int): Repr = { val b = newBuilder if (until <= from) b.result else { b.sizeHintBounded(until - from, this) sliceInternal(from, until, b) } } def takeWhile(p: A => Boolean): Repr = { val b = newBuilder breakable { for (x <- this) { if (!p(x)) break b += x } } b.result } def dropWhile(p: A => Boolean): Repr = { val b = newBuilder var go = false for (x <- this) { if (!p(x)) go = true if (go) b += x } b.result } def span(p: A => Boolean): (Repr, Repr) = { val l, r = newBuilder var toLeft = true for (x <- this) { toLeft = toLeft && p(x) (if (toLeft) l else r) += x } (l.result, r.result) } def splitAt(n: Int): (Repr, Repr) = { val l, r = newBuilder l.sizeHintBounded(n, this) if (n >= 0) r.sizeHint(this, -n) var i = 0 for (x <- this) { (if (i < n) l else r) += x i += 1 } (l.result, r.result) } /** Iterates over the tails of this $coll. The first value will be this * $coll and the final one will be an empty $coll, with the intervening * values the results of successive applications of `tail`. * * @return an iterator over all the tails of this $coll * @example `List(1,2,3).tails = Iterator(List(1,2,3), List(2,3), List(3), Nil)` */ def tails: Iterator[Repr] = iterateUntilEmpty(_.tail) /** Iterates over the inits of this $coll. The first value will be this * $coll and the final one will be an empty $coll, with the intervening * values the results of successive applications of `init`. * * @return an iterator over all the inits of this $coll * @example `List(1,2,3).inits = Iterator(List(1,2,3), List(1,2), List(1), Nil)` */ def inits: Iterator[Repr] = iterateUntilEmpty(_.init) /** Copies elements of this $coll to an array. * Fills the given array `xs` with at most `len` elements of * this $coll, starting at position `start`. * Copying will stop once either the end of the current $coll is reached, * or the end of the array is reached, or `len` elements have been copied. * * $willNotTerminateInf * * @param xs the array to fill. * @param start the starting index. * @param len the maximal number of elements to copy. * @tparam B the type of the elements of the array. * * * @usecase def copyToArray(xs: Array[A], start: Int, len: Int): Unit */ def copyToArray[B >: A](xs: Array[B], start: Int, len: Int) { var i = start val end = (start + len) min xs.length breakable { for (x <- this) { if (i >= end) break xs(i) = x i += 1 } } } def toTraversable: Traversable[A] = thisCollection def toIterator: Iterator[A] = toStream.iterator def toStream: Stream[A] = toBuffer.toStream /** Converts this $coll to a string. * * @return a string representation of this collection. By default this * string consists of the `stringPrefix` of this $coll, * followed by all elements separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses. */ override def toString = mkString(stringPrefix + "(", ", ", ")") /** Defines the prefix of this object's `toString` representation. * * @return a string representation which starts the result of `toString` * applied to this $coll. By default the string prefix is the * simple name of the collection class $coll. */ def stringPrefix : String = { var string = repr.asInstanceOf[AnyRef].getClass.getName val idx1 = string.lastIndexOf('.' : Int) if (idx1 != -1) string = string.substring(idx1 + 1) val idx2 = string.indexOf('$') if (idx2 != -1) string = string.substring(0, idx2) string } /** Creates a non-strict view of this $coll. * * @return a non-strict view of this $coll. */ def view = new TraversableView[A, Repr] { protected lazy val underlying = self.repr override def foreach[U](f: A => U) = self foreach f } /** Creates a non-strict view of a slice of this $coll. * * Note: the difference between `view` and `slice` is that `view` produces * a view of the current $coll, whereas `slice` produces a new $coll. * * Note: `view(from, to)` is equivalent to `view.slice(from, to)` * $orderDependent * * @param from the index of the first element of the view * @param until the index of the element following the view * @return a non-strict view of a slice of this $coll, starting at index `from` * and extending up to (but not including) index `until`. */ def view(from: Int, until: Int): TraversableView[A, Repr] = view.slice(from, until) /** Creates a non-strict filter of this $coll. * * Note: the difference between `c filter p` and `c withFilter p` is that * the former creates a new collection, whereas the latter only * restricts the domain of subsequent `map`, `flatMap`, `foreach`, * and `withFilter` operations. * $orderDependent * * @param p the predicate used to test elements. * @return an object of class `WithFilter`, which supports * `map`, `flatMap`, `foreach`, and `withFilter` operations. * All these operations apply to those elements of this $coll which * satisfy the predicate `p`. */ def withFilter(p: A => Boolean): FilterMonadic[A, Repr] = new WithFilter(p) /** A class supporting filtered operations. Instances of this class are * returned by method `withFilter`. */ class WithFilter(p: A => Boolean) extends FilterMonadic[A, Repr] { /** Builds a new collection by applying a function to all elements of the * outer $coll containing this `WithFilter` instance that satisfy predicate `p`. * * @param f the function to apply to each element. * @tparam B the element type of the returned collection. * @tparam That $thatinfo * @param bf $bfinfo * @return a new collection of type `That` resulting from applying * the given function `f` to each element of the outer $coll * that satisfies predicate `p` and collecting the results. * * @usecase def map[B](f: A => B): $Coll[B] * * @return a new $coll resulting from applying the given function * `f` to each element of the outer $coll that satisfies * predicate `p` and collecting the results. */ def map[B, That](f: A => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) for (x <- self) if (p(x)) b += f(x) b.result } /** Builds a new collection by applying a function to all elements of the * outer $coll containing this `WithFilter` instance that satisfy * predicate `p` and concatenating the results. * * @param f the function to apply to each element. * @tparam B the element type of the returned collection. * @tparam That $thatinfo * @param bf $bfinfo * @return a new collection of type `That` resulting from applying * the given collection-valued function `f` to each element * of the outer $coll that satisfies predicate `p` and * concatenating the results. * * @usecase def flatMap[B](f: A => TraversableOnce[B]): $Coll[B] * * @return a new $coll resulting from applying the given collection-valued function * `f` to each element of the outer $coll that satisfies predicate `p` and concatenating the results. */ def flatMap[B, That](f: A => GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = { val b = bf(repr) for (x <- self) if (p(x)) b ++= f(x).seq b.result } /** Applies a function `f` to all elements of the outer $coll containing * this `WithFilter` instance that satisfy predicate `p`. * * @param f the function that is applied for its side-effect to every element. * The result of function `f` is discarded. * * @tparam U the type parameter describing the result of function `f`. * This result will always be ignored. Typically `U` is `Unit`, * but this is not necessary. * * @usecase def foreach(f: A => Unit): Unit */ def foreach[U](f: A => U): Unit = for (x <- self) if (p(x)) f(x) /** Further refines the filter for this $coll. * * @param q the predicate used to test elements. * @return an object of class `WithFilter`, which supports * `map`, `flatMap`, `foreach`, and `withFilter` operations. * All these operations apply to those elements of this $coll which * satisfy the predicate `q` in addition to the predicate `p`. */ def withFilter(q: A => Boolean): WithFilter = new WithFilter(x => p(x) && q(x)) } // A helper for tails and inits. private def iterateUntilEmpty(f: Traversable[A @uV] => Traversable[A @uV]): Iterator[Repr] = { val it = Iterator.iterate(thisCollection)(f) takeWhile (x => !x.isEmpty) it ++ Iterator(Nil) map (newBuilder ++= _ result) } }